FullCastle

Estate Agent London

2006-10-26T22:20:00.000-07:00

Robert Irving Burns specialise in London Commercial and Residential property services, including estate agent london and estate agent central london. Their centrally located ground floor offices, minutes from Oxford Circus offer an ideal marketing base for your property.

Spongillafly

2005-03-19T13:40:00.000-08:00

Any insect of the parasitic neuropteran family Sisyridae. The adult, a smoky brown insect, deposits clusters of eggs under a silky web near or on the water. The larva lives as a parasite on a freshwater sponge. It leaves the water when fully grown and spins a double-walled, lacelike cocoon in which it passes the pupal stage. Spongillaflies are found throughout the world

Augustine, Saint, Scholarly literature

2005-03-17T07:37:00.000-08:00

The best one-volume study of Augustine's thought is Eugene TeSelle, Augustine the Theologian (1970). John Burnaby, Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine (1938; reissued with corrections and a new foreword, 1991), is sympathetic and illuminating but dated. For Augustine in his cultural context, there is still nothing better than Henri Irénée Marrou, Saint Augustin et la fin de la culture antique, 4th ed., 2 vol. in 1 (1958; reissued in 1 vol., 1983). Other useful studies are Brian Stock, Augustine the Reader: Meditation, Self-Knowledge, and the Ethics of Interpretation (1996); and Sabine MacCormack, The Shadows of Poetry: Vergil in the Mind of Augustine (1998). Augustine's political views are addressed in Herbert A. Deane, The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine (1963); and R.A. Markus, Saeculum: History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine, rev. ed. (1988). Augustine's views on sexuality have come under scrutiny in recent years; the most comprehensive study is Kim Power, Veiled Desire: Augustine on Women (1996); but Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity (1988), is also important.

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

2005-03-15T19:39:00.000-08:00

Nadr later dethroned Tahmasp II in favour of the latter's son, the more pliant 'Abbas III. His successful military exploits, however, which included victories over rebels in the Caucasus, made it feasible for this stern warrior himself to be proclaimed monarch—as Nadir Shah—in 1736. He attempted to mollify Persian-Ottoman hostility by establishing in Iran a less aggressive form

Wolcott, Roger

2005-03-13T21:44:00.000-08:00

After service as a clothier's apprentice, Wolcott became a successful tradesman. In 1707 he became a selectman for the town of Windsor. He was admitted to the bar in 1709 and was that year elected to the lower house of Connecticut's legislature. Wolcott

Biblical Literature, The canon at Qumran.

2005-03-10T23:22:00.000-08:00

In the collection of manuscripts from the Judaean Desert—discovered from the 1940s on—there are no lists of canonical works and no codices (manuscript volumes), only individual scrolls. For these reasons nothing can be known with certainty about the contents and sequence of the canon of the Qumran sectarians. Since fragments of all the books of the Hebrew Bible (except

Biblical Literature, The canon at Qumran.

2005-03-08T20:29:00.000-08:00

Formerly (1947–98) South Pacific Commission organization founded in 1947 by the governments of Australia, France, New Zealand, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and the United States to advise them on economic, social, and health matters affecting the South Pacific island territories they administered. It is the oldest regional organization in the Pacific and is headquartered in Nouméa, New Caledonia. Guam and the

Lungwebungu River

2005-03-06T20:34:00.000-08:00

Largest headwater tributary of the Zambezi River, in southwest central Africa. It rises in the central plateau of Angola as the Lungué-Bungo River to flow east and southeast into Zambia. There it joins the Zambezi 65 miles (105 km) north of Mongu, after a course of 400 miles (645 km).

Frauenfeld

2005-03-04T21:36:00.000-08:00

Capital (since 1803) of Thurgau kanton (“canton”), northern Switzerland, on the Murg River, close to its junction with the Thur River, northeast of Zürich. First mentioned in 1246, it was founded by the count of Kyburg and the abbot of Reichenau on land belonging to the abbot. Frauenfeld (“Field of Our Lady”) passed to the Habsburgs in 1264 and was seized by the Swiss Confederates (Eidgenossen)

World War I, Rival strategies and the Dardanelles campaign, 191516

2005-03-02T05:01:00.000-08:00

Erich von Falkenhayn had succeeded the dispirited Moltke as chief of the German general staff in September 1914. By the

Pacific Ocean, Western region

2005-02-28T18:49:00.000-08:00

The seaward boundary of the western region is marked by a broken line of oceanic trenches, extending from the Aleutian Trench in the north through the Kuril and Japan trenches and southward to the Tonga and Kermadec trenches, terminating close to the northeast of North Island, New Zealand. Its structure is more complex than that of the eastern region. Characteristically

David, Star Of

2005-02-26T19:28:00.000-08:00

Hebrew Magen David (“Shield of David”), Magen also spelled Mogen, Jewish symbol composed of two overlaid equilateral triangles that form a six-pointed star. It appears on synagogues, Jewish tombstones, and the flag of the State of Israel. The symbol—which historically was not limited to use by Jews—originated in antiquity, when, side by side with the five-pointed star, it served as a magical sign or as a decoration. In the Middle Ages

Ferdinand I

2005-02-25T04:55:00.000-08:00

Because his elder brother, Henry III, was an invalid, Ferdinand took the battlefield against the Muslims of Granada. When Henry III died in 1406, his son John II was an infant and the regency was divided between Henry's widow, Queen Catherine of Lancaster,

Ear Disease, Secretory otitis media

2005-02-23T07:39:00.000-08:00

In secretory otitis media the middle-ear cavity becomes filled with a clear, pale yellowish, noninfected fluid. The disorder is the result of inadequate ventilation of the middle ear through the eustachian tube. The air in the middle ear, when it is no longer replenished through this tube, is gradually absorbed by the mucous membrane, and fluid takes its place. Eventually,

Madiun Affair

2005-02-20T23:38:00.000-08:00

Communist rebellion against the Hatta-Sukarno government of Indonesia, which originated in Madiun, a town in eastern Java, in September 1948. The Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) had been declared illegal by the Dutch following uprisings in 1926–27; it was officially reestablished on Oct. 21, 1945, when an independent Indonesia was proclaimed after World War II. The communists resumed

Heine, Heinrich

2005-02-18T13:20:00.000-08:00

In full Christian Johann Heinrich Heine , original name (until 1825) Harry Heine German poet whose international literary reputation and influence were established by the Buch der Lieder (1827; The Book of Songs), frequently set to music, though the more sombre poems of his last years are also highly regarded.

Nabis

2005-02-17T20:43:00.000-08:00

Group of artists who, through their widely diverse activities, were a major influence on the art produced in France during the late 19th century. Preaching that a work of art is the end product and visual expression of an artist's synthesis of nature into personal aesthetic metaphors and symbols, they paved the way for the early 20th-century development of abstract and

Saarinen, Eero

2005-02-14T06:15:00.000-08:00

Like many contemporary architects, Saarinen was challenged by furniture design, especially the chair, which presents aesthetical and structural problems that are particularly difficult to solve. In 1941 he and the designer-architect Charles Eames won a national furniture award for a chair design in molded plywood. In 1948 Saarinen created a womblike chair using a glass

Pénicaud Family

2005-02-13T13:54:00.000-08:00

French enamelers active in Limoges during the 16th century, considered to be among the finest such craftsmen of their time. They were noted for their work in grisaille enamel, monochromatically painted enamel work intended to look like sculpture. Nardon Pénicaud (c. 1470–c. 1542), the first recorded member of the family, worked in the French Gothic style, but his brother or son, Jean

Lowe, Sir Hudson

2005-02-10T04:10:00.000-08:00

Lowe held several important commands in the war with France from 1793. He was knighted in 1814. He arrived on the island of St. Helena, Napoleon's last place of exile, in April 1816. Many persons,

Diebitsch, Johann (karl Friedrich Anton), Graf

2005-02-09T21:58:00.000-08:00

Although he was of German parentage and was educated at the Berlin cadet school, Diebitsch joined the Russian Army in 1801, and, after fighting against Napoleon in the battles of Austerlitz, Eylau, Friedland,

Gaddi, Taddeo

2005-02-07T01:49:00.000-08:00

His earliest authenticated work is a small triptych with the Virgin enthroned with Child and saints, signed and

Murat River

2005-02-05T00:39:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Murad River, Turkish Murat Nehri, river, the major headstream of the Euphrates. In antiquity it was called Arsanias. The river rises north of Lake Van near Mount Ararat, in eastern Turkey, and flows westward for 449 miles (722 km) through a mountainous region to unite with the Karasu Çayi and form the Upper Euphrates near Malatya. Turkey's largest dam, the Keban, west of Elâzig, completed in 1974, is designed to provide electric

Tlazoltéotl

2005-02-02T15:58:00.000-08:00

Also called Ixcuina, or Tlaelquani, Aztec goddess who represented sexual impurity and sinful behaviour; she was probably introduced to the Aztecs from the gulf lowlands of Huaxteca. Tlazoltéotl was an important and complex earth-mother goddess. She was known in four guises, associated with different stages of life. As a young woman, she was a carefree temptress. In her second form she was the destructive

Sexual-predator Law

2005-01-31T05:42:00.000-08:00

Statute that mandates lengthy periods of preventive detention for habitual sexual offenders and sexual psychopaths beyond their criminal sentences. Sexual-predator laws became popular in the United States in the 1990s, and their passage raised constitutional questions about double jeopardy and the balancing of the rights of offenders against those of the wider

Biblical Literature, The Letter of James

2005-01-29T16:21:00.000-08:00

The Letter of James, though often criticized as having nothing specifically Christian in its content apart from its use of the phrase the “Lord Jesus Christ” and its salutation to a general audience depicted as the twelve tribes in the dispersion (the Diaspora), is actually a letter most representative of early Christian piety. It depicts the teachings of the early

Mycotoxin

2005-01-27T18:52:00.000-08:00

Toxic substance produced by a fungus (i.e., a member of the kingdom Fungi). Mycotoxins occur in great number and variety; their effects can include hallucinations, skin inflammation, severe liver damage, hemorrhages, abortion, convulsions, neurological disturbances, and death in livestock and humans. Aflatoxins are a complex of mycotoxins produced by species of the

East Dorset

2005-01-26T22:44:00.000-08:00

District, administrative county of Dorset, southern England, in the northeastern corner of the county directly north of the English Channel resorts of Bournemouth and Poole. Most of the district is part of the historic county of Dorset, but its easternmost section, including St. Leonards, is in the historic county of Hampshire. East Dorset district is a low-lying plain

The Protestant Heritage

2005-01-24T22:54:00.000-08:00

Protestantism originated in the 16th-century Reformation, and its basic doctrines, in addition to those of the ancient Christian creeds, are justification by grace alone through faith, the priesthood of all believers, and the supremacy of Holy Scripture in matters of faith and order. Variation in sacramental doctrine exists among Protestants, but most limit the

Gray, Horace

2005-01-21T03:51:00.000-08:00

Admitted to the bar in 1851, Gray practiced law in Massachusetts and was active in Free-Soil and, later, Republican party affairs. In 1860 he ran unsuccessfully for state attorney general. He served with distinction for many years at the Massachusetts Supreme Court, first as court reporter (1854–61) and later as associate

Adelaide River

2005-01-20T09:33:00.000-08:00

River in northwestern Northern Territory, Australia, rising in the hills west of Brock's Creek and flowing (with marked summer increases in volume) for 110 miles (180 km) northeastward to Adam Bay, an inlet of the Timor Sea on Clarence Strait. From its mouth, 32 miles (50 km) northeast of Darwin, it is navigable for 80 miles (130 km). The river was reached in 1839 by L.R. Fitzmaurice of the ship HMS Beagle

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny (aleksandrovich)

2005-01-18T01:28:00.000-08:00

Yevtushenko, a fourth-generation

Italy, Famine, war, and plague (134080)

2005-01-16T23:34:00.000-08:00

Italy's thriving economy was shortly to meet severe challenges. Among these, first, were famines, which affected most of Italy in the years 1339–40, 1346–47, 1352–53, and 1374–75, and to these catastrophes were added a general expansion and intensification of war. The 13th century saw the diffusion of the crossbow, whose bolt far surpassed the arrow of the longbow in its power to penetrate. The crossbow

Fang

2005-01-13T10:19:00.000-08:00

The Fang speak languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family. They can be divided into three

Sannyasi

2005-01-11T08:42:00.000-08:00

Also spelled sannyasin , Sanskrit Sannyasin (“abandoning,” or “throwing down”) in Hinduism, a religious ascetic, one who has renounced the world, having achieved the fourth ashrama, or stage, of life. The name sannyasi also specifically designates an ascetic who pays particular allegiance to the god Siva, who is sometimes known as “the great ascetic.” The Saiva ascetics were organized in the 8th century AD by the renowned Hindu teacher Sankara into 10 orders,

Mcmein, Neysa

2005-01-10T01:10:00.000-08:00

McMein attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and in 1913 went to New York City. She studied at the Art Students League for a few months and in 1914 sold her first drawing to the Boston Star. The next year she sold a drawing

Liqueur

2005-01-08T08:42:00.000-08:00

The word liqueur is derived from the Latin liquefacere,

Diez, Friedrich Christian

2005-01-05T14:46:00.000-08:00

As a student Diez acquired a deep interest in Italian poetry, but a visit to the great German poet J.W. von Goethe in 1818 directed his attention to exploring

Ghaznavid Dynasty

2005-01-03T16:19:00.000-08:00

The founder of the dynasty was Sebüktigin (ruled 977–997), a former Turkish slave who was recognized by the Samanids (an Iranian Muslim dynasty) as governor of Ghazna (modern Ghazni, Afg.). As the Samanid dynasty weakened, Sebüktigin consolidated his position and expanded his domains as far

Anatolian Languages

2005-01-02T21:51:00.000-08:00

Extinct Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages spoken in Anatolia from sometime in the 3rd millenium BC until the early centuries of the present era, when they were gradually supplanted by Greek. The Anatolian languages are known only from texts of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC; the earliest evidence is that of the so-called Cappadocian tablets (19th–18th centuries BC). The

Manawatu-wanganui

2004-12-30T01:19:00.000-08:00

Local government region, southern North Island, New Zealand. It includes a major portion of one of the largest plains of the North Island and encompasses the Whanganui River valley. The region rises northward to the Kaimanawa Mountains and stretches along the Tasman Sea to include the Rangitikei River (noted for its steep-walled gorge) and the Manawatu River. The

Auburn

2004-12-28T14:10:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1805) of Cayuga county, west-central New York, U.S. It lies at the north end of Owasco Lake, in the Finger Lakes region, 22 miles (35 km) southwest of Syracuse. Founded in 1793 by John Hardenbergh, an officer in the American Revolution, on the site of a Cayuga Indian village called Wasco, it was first known as Hardenbergh's Corners. It developed around Auburn State Prison (established

Saenredam, Pieter Jansz(oon)

2004-12-26T07:25:00.000-08:00

Saenredam also spelled Zaenredam painter, pioneer of the “church portrait,” and the first Dutch artist to abandon the tradition of fanciful architectural painting in favour of a new realism in the rendering of specific buildings. His paintings of churches show a scrupulous neatness and precision, combined with subtle atmospheric light and tonal unity achieved

Daddah, Moktar Ould

2004-12-25T13:30:00.000-08:00

Mauritanian politician (b. Dec. 25, 1924, Boutilimit, French West Africa—d. Oct. 15, 2003, Paris, France), as Mauritania's first postindependence president (1961–78), secured international recognition and respect for the new country while he reconciled the varied interests of Mauritania's widely dispersed, partly nomadic, and religiously diverse Arab and black African populations. Daddah trained

Ch'ang O

2004-12-23T03:23:00.000-08:00

Each year on the 15th day of the eighth

Genesis Apocryphon

2004-12-21T11:33:00.000-08:00

Pseudepigraphal work (not accepted in any canon of scripture), one of the most important works of the Essene community of Jews, part of whose library was discovered in 1947 in caves at Qumran, near the Dead Sea, in Palestine. The scroll, the last of seven scrolls discovered in Cave I, is also the least well preserved. Examination of the entire scroll showed it to be a collection

Pueblo Libre

2004-12-19T07:58:00.000-08:00

Community in Pueblo Libre (formerly Magdalena Vieja) district, southwestern Lima–Callao metropolitan area, Peru. Mainly a middle-income residential community, it is dotted with small parks. Although many of the homes are modern, some predate Peru's independence from Spain (1824). The liberators Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín both lived in Pueblo Libre in what is now

Computer Science

2004-12-16T01:06:00.000-08:00

The study of computers, including their design (architecture) and their uses for computations, data processing, and systems control. The field of computer science includes engineering activities such as the design of computers and of the hardware and software that make up computer systems. It also encompasses theoretical, mathematical activities, such as the

Jyväskylä

2004-12-14T13:56:00.000-08:00

Town, capital of Keski-Suomen lääni (province), south-central Finland. It lies at the north end of Lake Päijänne, southwest of Kuopio. The town, chartered in 1837, has three historic educational institutions: the first Finnish teachers' training college (founded 1863; replaced in 1934 by a pedagogical institute [designed by the architect Alvar Aalto] that in 1966 became a university); the Lyceum,

Van Depoele, Charles Joseph

2004-12-13T03:54:00.000-08:00

After immigrating to the United States in 1869, Van Depoele became a successful manufacturer of church furniture and then began to pursue his interest in electricity. In addition to his notable

Valence

2004-12-10T15:00:00.000-08:00

The explanation and the systematization of valence was a major challenge to 19th-century

Táchira

2004-12-09T10:41:00.000-08:00

State, western Venezuela, bounded on the west by Colombia. The territory of 4,300 square miles (11,100 square km) lies in the southwestern reaches of the Andean Cordillera de Mérida. Agriculture dominates the state's economy; coffee and sugarcane are the leading commercial crops. Rural industry, closely related to agriculture, is usually carried on in the local homes. Relatively

Hypomixolydian Mode

2004-12-06T07:56:00.000-08:00

In music, last of the eight medieval church modes. See church mode.

Zoochlorella

2004-12-05T16:13:00.000-08:00

Plural Zoochlorellae, any small green alga (often Chlorella) or, sometimes, flagellate protozoan (e.g., the chlamydomonad Carteria) that lives within the bodies of various freshwater protozoans and invertebrates. Zoochlorellae often colour their hosts green (e.g., green hydra and green Paramecium bursaria). As symbionts, zoochlorellae use carbon dioxide and nitrogenous and phosphorous

April Fools' Day

2004-12-02T08:30:00.000-08:00

Also called All Fools' Day in most countries the first day of April. It received its name from the custom of playing practical jokes on this day—for example, telling friends that their shoelaces are untied or sending them on so-called fools' errands. Although the day has been observed for centuries, there are different explanations for its origin. It resembles festivals such as the Hilaria of

Venkataraman, Ramaswamy

2004-11-30T15:14:00.000-08:00

Venkataraman studied law at the University of Madras and began his legal practice in 1935. He became involved in India's independence struggle and was consequently jailed by the British (1942–44). After his release he continued to practice law,

Lermontov, Mikhail

2004-11-28T10:25:00.000-08:00

Only 26 years old when he died, Lermontov had proved his worth as a brilliant and gifted poet-thinker, prose writer, and playwright, the successor of Pushkin, and an exponent of the best traditions of Russian literature. His youthful lyric poetry is filled with a passionate craving for freedom and contains calls to battle, agonizing reflections on how to apply his strengths

Earth, Energy sources for convection

2004-11-26T01:30:00.000-08:00

Measurements of temperature in deep mines and oil wells indicate that there is a substantial temperature increase with depth. In part, this is due to the weight of overlying rocks. Such temperature increases are not accompanied by a change in heat content and are referred to as adiabatic temperature increases. Convection within the Earth occurs only if the temperature

Clonmel

2004-11-24T08:27:00.000-08:00

Irish Cluain Meala municipal borough and seat of Tipperary South Riding, Ireland. It lies on the River Suir. A noted sporting centre, it has fine scenery, with the Comeragh Mountains to the south and the Slievenamon peak to the northeast. Clonmel received its charter in the reign of Edward I (1239–1307). The novelist Laurence Sterne was born there in 1713. Industries include the making of pharmaceuticals

Religion

2004-11-23T16:45:00.000-08:00

Ecumenical and interfaith relations suffered some serious blows during 1997, although the year was also marked by a historic agreement between four Protestant denominations. Some churches dealt with dissidents in their ranks through excommunication. Church-state

Cynegils

2004-11-21T21:22:00.000-08:00

With his son Cwichelm (d. 636), Cynegils defeated the advancing Britons at Bampton in Oxfordshire in 614, and Cwichelm sought to arrest the growing power of the Northumbrian king Eadwine by procuring his assassination. The attempt, however, failed, and in 626 the West Saxons were defeated

Arabia, History Of, The Mamluks

2004-11-19T06:45:00.000-08:00

During the 14th and 15th centuries the Mamluks became the dominant power, maintaining a political agent in the Hejaz and a body of cavalry in Mecca. Eventually they made or unmade the sharifian rulers, though the local Egyptian commander's policy sometimes ran counter to that of Cairo. From the mid-15th century the Mamluks took charge of the customs at Jiddah, Mecca's port, allotting

Arabic Literary Renaissance

2004-11-16T17:53:00.000-08:00

After the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt (1798) and the subsequent establishment of an autonomous and Western-minded ruling dynasty there, many Syrian and Lebanese writers sought out the freer environment of Egypt, making it

Châtelet, Gabrielle-émilie Le Tonnelier De Breteuil, Marquise Du

2004-11-16T09:49:00.000-08:00

She was married at 19 to the Marquis Florent du Châtelet, governor of Semur-en-Auxois, with whom she had three children. The marquis then took up a military career and thereafter saw his wife only infrequently. Mme du Châtelet returned to Paris and its dazzling social

Basel Zoological Garden

2004-11-15T13:15:00.000-08:00

German Zoologischer Garten Basel, also called Zolli, privately owned zoological garden in Basel, Switz., noted for its outstanding work in the breeding of the Indian rhinoceros and the pygmy hippopotamus. The zoo was founded in 1874 for the purpose of exhibiting local wildlife. (It opened with about 100 mammals and perhaps 400 birds, mostly European.) Financial difficulties, however, forced zoo administrators to obtain exotic animals

Calah

2004-11-12T16:47:00.000-08:00

Founded in the 13th century BC by Shalmaneser I, Calah remained unimportant until King Ashurnasirpal II (reigned 883–859 BC) chose it as his royal seat and the military capital of Assyria. His extensive work on the

Epirus, Despotate Of

2004-11-11T08:59:00.000-08:00

The despotate was founded in what is now southern Albania and northwestern Greece by Michael Comnenus Ducas, a member of the dethroned Byzantine imperial house. His half brother and successor, Theodore

Natchez

2004-11-09T23:52:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1817) of Adams county, southwestern Mississippi, U.S., on the Mississippi River (there bridged to Vidalia, Louisiana), about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Vicksburg. Established in 1716 as Fort Rosalie by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, it survived a massacre (1729) by Natchez Indians for whom it was later named. It passed from France to England (1763) at the conclusion of the French and

Francis, Sam

2004-11-09T10:48:00.000-08:00

Francis studied medicine at the University of California at Berkeley in 1941–43 and began painting while in a hospital after being wounded in World War II. He painted his first abstract compositions in 1947. From 1950 to 1957 he lived and worked in Paris,

Girl Scouts

2004-11-06T07:42:00.000-08:00

Also called (in Great Britain and some other countries) Girl Guides worldwide organization for girls, dedicated to training them in citizenship, good conduct, and outdoor activities. Robert (later Lord) Baden-Powell founded the Girl Guides in Great Britain in 1910 in response to the requests of girls who were interested in the Boy Scout movement established by him in 1908. The first Girl Scout troop in the United States was formed in 1912 by Juliette

Ancient Rome, The Illyrian emperors

2004-11-05T17:58:00.000-08:00

After Claudius II's unexpected death, the empire was ruled from 270 to 284 by several “Illyrian” emperors, who were good generals and who tried in an energetic way to restore equilibrium. The most remarkable was Aurelian. He first gained hard-won victories over the Alemanni and the Juthungi, who had invaded the Alpine provinces and northern Italy. To cheer the inhabitants of

Southern Connecticut State University

2004-11-04T19:40:00.000-08:00

Public, coeducational institution of higher education in New Haven, Conn., U.S. It is one of four institutions in the Connecticut State University system; the others are located in New Britain (Central Connecticut State), Willimantic (Eastern Connecticut State), and Danbury (Western Connecticut State). Southern Connecticut State offers bachelor's and master's degrees

Biblical Literature, The American Standard Version

2004-11-03T05:59:00.000-08:00

According to the original agreement, the preferred readings and renderings of the American revisers, which their British counterparts had declined to accept, were published in an appendix to the Revised Version. In 1900 the American edition of the New Testament, which incorporated the American scholars' preferences into the body of the text, was produced. A year later

Carnivore, Form and function

2004-11-03T05:10:00.000-08:00

The possession of a long face or muzzle

Antarctica, Plant life

2004-10-31T11:10:00.000-08:00

The cold desert climate of Antarctica supports only an impoverished community of cold-tolerant land plants that are capable of surviving lengthy winter periods of total or near-total darkness during which photosynthesis cannot take place. Growth must occur in short summer bursts lasting only a few days, a few weeks, or a month or two, depending upon such diverse

Hoorn

2004-10-31T06:34:00.000-08:00

Gemeente (commune), Noord-Holland provincie, northwestern Netherlands, on the IJsselmeer (lake). Founded about 1300 and chartered in 1357, it was the capital of medieval West Friesland. Its horn-shaped harbour (for which it is named) was one of the principal ports of the Netherlands until the Zuiderzee silted up in the 18th century. The first great net for herring fishing was made in

Topographical Poetry

2004-10-30T21:08:00.000-07:00

Verse genre characterized by the description of a particular landscape. A subgenre, the prospect poem, details the view from a height. The form was established by John Denham in 1642 with the publication of his poem Cooper's Hill. Topographical poems were at their peak of popularity in the 17th and 18th centuries, though there are examples from the early 19th century, including

Giovanni Di Paolo (di Grazia)

2004-10-29T13:04:00.000-07:00

Painter whose religious paintings maintained the mystical intensity and conservative style of Gothic decorative painting against the trend, progressively dominant in the art of 15th-century Tuscany, toward scientific naturalism and classical humanism. One of the last practitioners of the tradition of medieval painting,

New England, Council For

2004-10-27T06:01:00.000-07:00

In British American colonial history, joint stock company organized in 1620 by a charter from the British crown with authority to colonize and govern the area now known as New England. Drawing from landed gentry rather than merchants, the company was dominated by its president, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, who intended to distribute the land as manors and fiefs among the council's

Medicine, Specialties in medicine

2004-10-24T03:34:00.000-07:00

At the beginning of World War II it was possible to recognize a number of major medical specialties, including internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, pathology, anesthesiology, ophthalmology, surgery, orthopedic surgery, plastic surgery, psychiatry and neurology, radiology, and urology. Hematology was also an important field of study, and microbiology

Durão, José De Santa Rita

2004-10-23T21:00:00.000-07:00

After an education at the Jesuit college in Rio de Janeiro, Durão obtained the degree of doctor of theology (1756) at the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Two years later he entered the Gratian convent

Gabon, Finance and trade

2004-10-23T02:31:00.000-07:00

Membership in the Franc Zone gives Gabon considerable stability. The CFA (Communauté Financière Africaine) franc is automatically convertible to French francs, giving trading partners confidence in Gabonese currency. The government has also encouraged foreign investors with its policy of economic liberalism, although there is governmental direction and

Itching

2004-10-22T07:31:00.000-07:00

Also called Pruritus, a stimulation of free nerve endings, usually at the junction of the dermis and epidermis of the skin, that evokes a desire to scratch. It has been suggested that an itch is a subthreshold sensation of pain; however, although both itch and pain sensations share common nerve pathways, they are generally considered distinct sensory types. Itching evokes a range of sensations,

Tear Duct And Gland,

2004-10-20T00:23:00.000-07:00

Also called Lachrymal, or Lacrimal, Duct And Gland, the structures that produce, distribute, and carry away tears (drops of clear saline fluid that are diffused between the eye and eyelid). Tears moisten the membrane that covers the eye (conjunctiva) and facilitate motion. Tears are also secreted as a reflex response to various stimuli, including irritants to the cornea, bright lights, and hot or peppery substances in

Interior Design, Governmental interiors

2004-10-19T02:51:00.000-07:00

A notable characteristic of interior design for public buildings—such as court rooms, assembly halls (on all levels of government including the United Nations), city halls, and cultural buildings—is that the consumer is excluded from participation in decision making. Another is that in all cases the interiors try to present a very definite image or symbol. Governmental

álvarez Quintero, Serafín And Joaquín

2004-10-17T14:27:00.000-07:00

Spanish brothers who collaborated in almost 200 dramas depicting the life, manners, and speech of Andalusia. Their work was among the most popular in Spain during the early 20th century and greatly added to the revival of the Spanish theatre. Their dramas are remarkable for a vivacious and skilled presentation.

Wanaka Lake

2004-10-17T09:15:00.000-07:00

Lake in west-central South Island, New Zealand. The lake occupies 75 square miles (193 square km) of a valley that is dammed by a moraine (glacial debris) and that lies at the eastern foot of the Southern Alps. The lake's surface is 915 feet (280 m) above sea level. It is probably more than 1,000 feet (300 m) deep. The lake drains a basin of 982 square miles (2,543 square km) and is fed by the Makarora (north) and Matukituki

Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.

2004-10-15T15:19:00.000-07:00

Powell was the son of the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, New York City. Brought up in a middle-class home, he received his B.A. from Colgate University (Hamilton, N.Y.) in 1930 and his M.A. from Columbia University

Caracalla

2004-10-15T13:11:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Caracallus, byname of Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus, original name (until AD 196) Septimius Bassianus, also called (AD 196–198) Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar Roman emperor, ruling jointly with his father, Septimius Severus, from 198 to 211 and then alone from 211 until his assassination in 217. His principal achievements were his colossal baths in Rome and his edict of 212, giving Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. Caracalla, whose reign contributed to the decay

Arab Economic Unity, Council Of

2004-10-14T14:53:00.000-07:00

The organization is devoted to achieving economic integration

Burger, Die

2004-10-12T06:08:00.000-07:00

(Afrikaans: “The Citizen”), daily newspaper published in Cape Town, S.Af., the largest of the country's newspapers written in Afrikaans. Die Burger is known both for its generally balanced presentation of the news and for its support of policies of the South African government. It firmly supported the ruling Nationalist Party. It is published mornings except Sundays.

Gender

2004-10-12T00:55:00.000-07:00

In language, a phenomenon in which the words of a certain part of speech, usually nouns, require the agreement, or concord, through grammatical marking (or inflection), of various other words related to them in a sentence. In languages that exhibit gender, two or more classes of nouns control variation in words of other parts of speech (typically pronouns and adjectives

Manasseh Ben Israel

2004-10-11T08:40:00.000-07:00

Manasseh was born into a family of Marranos (Jews of Spain and Portugal who publicly accepted Christianity but privately practiced Judaism). After his father appeared as a penitent in an auto da fé, the family escaped

Catch-as-catch-can Wrestling

2004-10-09T16:09:00.000-07:00

Basic wrestling style in which nearly all holds and tactics are permitted in both upright and ground wrestling. Rules usually forbid only actions that may injure an opponent, such as strangling, kicking, gouging, and hitting with a closed fist. The object is to force the opponent into a position in which both shoulders touch the ground at the same time. Formerly known

Gum Nebula

2004-10-08T17:05:00.000-07:00

Largest known nebula in terms of angular diameter as seen from Earth, extending over at least 40° in the southern constellations Puppis and Vela. A complex of diffuse, glowing gas too faint to be seen with the unaided eye, it was discovered by the Australian-born astrophysicist Colin S. Gum, who published his findings in 1955. The Gum Nebula lies roughly 1,000 light-years from the Earth

Caldera

2004-10-06T14:35:00.000-07:00

(Spanish: “caldron”), large bowlshaped volcanic depression more than one kilometre in diameter and rimmed by infacing scarps. Calderas usually, if not always, form by the collapse of the top of a volcanic cone or group of cones because of removal of the support formerly furnished by an underlying body of magma (molten rock). Often this collapse is of a composite cone that

Forage

2004-10-05T16:13:00.000-07:00

Vegetable food of wild or domestic animals. In agriculture, harvested, processed, and stored forage is called silage (q.v.).

England, Theatre

2004-10-05T15:41:00.000-07:00

Theatre is probably the performing art for which England is best known. Theatrical performance as such emerged during the Middle Ages in the form of mumming plays, which borrowed elements from wandering entertainers, traditional and ancient folk agricultural rituals, and dances such as the Morris dance (with its set character parts). Under the influence of Christianity,

I-yang

2004-10-04T18:54:00.000-07:00

Pinyin Yiyang, city, northern Hunan sheng (province), China. The city is situated approximately 47 miles (75 km) northwest of Ch'ang-sha on the Tzu River, to the south of Lake Tung-t'ing, on the main highway from Ch'ang-sha to Ch'ang-te. An ancient county, it was established in the 2nd century BC. Its seat was originally sited northeast of the present city, but it moved in T'ang (618–907) times. From 589 it was a county subordinate

Lighthouse, Rectangular and drum lenses

2004-10-02T22:40:00.000-07:00

In 1828 Augustin Fresnel of France produced the first apparatus using the refracting properties of glass, now known as the dioptric system. On a lens panel he surrounded a central bull's-eye lens with a series of concentric glass prismatic rings. The panel collected light emitted by the lamp over a wide horizontal angle and also the light that would otherwise escape to

FullCastle

Estate Agent London

Spongillafly

Augustine, Saint, Scholarly literature

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

Wolcott, Roger

Biblical Literature, The canon at Qumran.

Biblical Literature, The canon at Qumran.

Lungwebungu River

Frauenfeld

World War I, Rival strategies and the Dardanelles campaign, 191516

Pacific Ocean, Western region

David, Star Of

Ferdinand I

Ear Disease, Secretory otitis media

Madiun Affair

Heine, Heinrich

Nabis

Saarinen, Eero

Pénicaud Family

Lowe, Sir Hudson

Diebitsch, Johann (karl Friedrich Anton), Graf

Gaddi, Taddeo

Murat River

Tlazoltéotl

Sexual-predator Law

Biblical Literature, The Letter of James

Mycotoxin

East Dorset

The Protestant Heritage

Gray, Horace

Adelaide River

Yevtushenko, Yevgeny (aleksandrovich)

Italy, Famine, war, and plague (134080)

Fang

Sannyasi

Mcmein, Neysa

Liqueur

Diez, Friedrich Christian

Ghaznavid Dynasty

Anatolian Languages

Manawatu-wanganui

Auburn

Saenredam, Pieter Jansz(oon)

Daddah, Moktar Ould

Ch'ang O

Genesis Apocryphon

Pueblo Libre

Computer Science

Jyväskylä

Van Depoele, Charles Joseph

Valence

Táchira

Hypomixolydian Mode

Zoochlorella

April Fools' Day

Venkataraman, Ramaswamy

Lermontov, Mikhail

Earth, Energy sources for convection

Clonmel

Religion

Cynegils

Arabia, History Of, The Mamluks

Arabic Literary Renaissance

Châtelet, Gabrielle-émilie Le Tonnelier De Breteuil, Marquise Du

Basel Zoological Garden

Calah

Epirus, Despotate Of

Natchez

Francis, Sam

Girl Scouts

Ancient Rome, The Illyrian emperors

Southern Connecticut State University

Biblical Literature, The American Standard Version

Carnivore, Form and function

Antarctica, Plant life

Hoorn

Topographical Poetry

Giovanni Di Paolo (di Grazia)

New England, Council For

Iran, Nadir Shah (173647)

World War I, Rival strategies and the Dardanelles campaign, 191516

Italy, Famine, war, and plague (134080)